Finding the Perfect Job for Your Personality

Securing the Perfect Position for Your Personality It’s simple to become involved with a vocation direction you selected when you were youthful, looking for the main gig that would enlist you, or that you’ve been stuck in for some time. Toni Okeson at CollegeRecruiter.com has some exhortation to assist you with pulling together your pursuit of employment, regardless of whether it’s your first time or your final retreat. Consider your blessings and obtained skills.Regardless of what you’ve prepared to do, consistently expected to do, or what your family arranged you’d do, return to fundamentals and consider what you like doing. What are you acceptable at? What do you realize how to do? What have you generally appreciated? Is it true that you are imaginative? A decent audience? Entranced by what makes things work? Every one of these attributes focuses to a compensating career.Think long term.Your vocation is considerably more prone to be a way that incorporates different stops and bearing changes, ins tead of one smooth circular segment. As per Frierson, â€Å"It’s a long distance race, not a spring.† Make choices dependent on what you can see yourself doing each day for quite a long time, not exactly what you’d like best right now.Take the budgetary perspective into consideration.Don’t let it be the main thingâ€or even the primary thingâ€but do make sense of how to cause your abilities and interests into the most worthwhile bundle they to can be. Gaining potential can change after some time, yet you should comprehend what the alternatives are. What way of life will you have to help? What penances would you be able to make if necessary?Any open doors for growth?When you’re considering the passage level positions accessible to you as an ongoing graduate, don’t neglect to consider where they lead later on. An educator could turn into an office seat, an executive, a head. Some associate positions lead into the office they help, others put you on a regulatory trackâ€know what you’re getting into, and realize how to get aptitudes on or off the activity that will convert into your subsequent stage. Once you’re considering a lifelong change, don’t hurry into anythingâ€a awful day at work doesn’t mean it’s time to stop and return to class. There is consistently a less uncommon method of ensuring you’re seeking after a delightful course of employmentâ€just don’t neglect to take yourself and your character into account.How to Find the Career Path that Best Suits Your PersonalityRead More at College Recruiter

A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, A Story of a Little Girl, Mary Frances Nolan

Betty Smith isn't notable for her numerous works, however the one book that nearly everybody has caught wind of, is A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. In this novel she demonstrates herself to be a creator of incredible profundity and information; she gives us a look into the perplexing human spirit. This book gives incredible understanding into life; it shows why numerous individuals endeavor to become somebody better and how a few people can climb to a superior station in life despite the fact that there are enormous chances and A Tree Grows in Brooklyn contacts everyone's' hearts. It is about a young lady, Mary Frances Nolan (otherwise called Francie), experiencing childhood in the more unfortunate part f Brooklyn with an intoxicated, singing server for a dad. This dad by one way or another consistently causes her to feel so unique and â€Å"normal†. She lives with her seriously sensible mother, her dad, and a brother(Neeley) who is favored as the â€Å"favorite child†. Francie is dealt with ineffectively all through school since she is so unique and autonomous. Francie consistently minded her own business and was the quiet diligent sort, which developed the division among herself and the other of the At a youthful age Francie figured out how significant cash is just as the division in the public eye brought about by cash just as training. Due to this division and Neeley's bias, Francie turns into the sole supplier for the family after the her dad's demise. She goes to work straight after graduation from grade school and never gets the opportunity to have the delight and extravagance of a secondary school recognition, however that doesn't prevent her from her fantasies. Her fantasies about climbing on the planet, to a spot were you don't need to stress over where your next feast originates from; a spot where cash doesn't really make you rich. This may seem like a scorns dream thinking about that today a secondary school confirmation is compulsory for veryone. As of right now; be that as it may, not many individuals, without riches, had the option to get an advanced education or even have the option to go to secondary school. However nothing can prevent Francie from finishing her fantasy. This great book slices right to the core of life. It show the genuine American dream; the fantasy of advanced education and a superior and equivalent lifestyle for everybody. The epic tells this fantasy through one uncommon young lady who understands that she can be and improve. On the off chance that you don't peruse A Tree Grows in Brooklyn you will deny yourself a rich encounter of the genuine American dream.

Biology controlled experiments Essays

Science controlled tests Essays Science controlled tests Paper Science controlled tests Paper Photosynthesis is the procedure wherein plants fabricate food. The pace of photosynthesis is influenced by various components: temperature being one of them.â Other elements incorporate carbon dioxide focus, light levels, accessibility of water and supplements. Temperature can be a constraining variable to the procedure of photosynthesis.â Increasing temperature twice for instance from 100C to 200c could twofold the pace of photosynthesis.â Increasing temperature builds the pace of photosynthesis since the plant’s catalysts will be working nearer to their ideal temperature. Temperature likewise builds the active vitality of atom in the cells expanding effectiveness of making sugars.â Temperature past enzyme’s ideal will cause a drop in the pace of photosynthesis.â A more prominent increment in temperature over the ideal denatures chemicals so plants won't have the option to photosynthesize (Factors influencing photosynthesis; A level Biology venture: www.neiljohan.com) One of the side-effect of photosynthesis is oxygen. In this way by checking the rate at which a plant is producing oxygen, an end can be made with respect to the plant’s pace of photosynthesis. Question How does Elodea plant’s pace of photosynthesis carry on with increment in temperature? Which temperature level is Elodea plant’s pace of photosynthesis ideal? Speculation The pace of photosynthesis of Elodea plant increments with increment in temperature until the plant arrives at its ideal Expectation In the event that every single other factor restricting photosynthesis rate are kept consistent, at that point the pace of photosynthesis will be straightforwardly relative to increment in temperature up to a specific level after which it will begin declining. Philosophy Temperature is the free factor of the examination while the needy variable is air (oxygen).â All different components influencing photosynthesis for example light levels, accessibility of water, carbon dioxide level and plant supplements are kept steady. Materials required include: photosynthometer, Elodea plant, Beaker of water, light, ice, Hot water and thermometer. A bit of elodea plant is cut and placed in a measuring glass of water with the cut end kept up by supporting it with a paper clip.â Temperature of water is shifted every once in a while by adding high temp water to warm it up or ice to chill it off. A thermometer is utilized to decide the necessary temperature level. The free factor (air) is estimated by a photosynthometer with a tubing of 1 mm measurement. It quantifies the volume of air (oxygen) emitted by the elodea plant.â The volume of air is estimated by pulling the cylinder and perceiving how much air bubble has expanded long utilizing the standard of the tubing. A temperature scope of 150c †300c can be utilized with two recreates to get appropriate ends.

Is India Ready For Sovereign Wealth Funds Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Introduction Can India boast of any preparedness to give wings to a proposal to establish its very own Sovereign Wealth Fund. The reactions to this question vary from emphatic agreement to vehement opposition. The question has been on many minds. Its been the talk around town, the objet de ragots of the intellectual circles; and not without merit. Everyone from economic analysts to RBI spokespersons, from class room students to the Finance Minister everyone has their own take on the matter. Everyone else seems to be doing it. UAE has the Mubadala, Singapore has the Temasek and China has the China Investment Corporation. 17 such SWFs have come up in the last 4 years alone. Predictions place their purchasing power at approx. US $15 trillion by 2015.[2]SWFs are here and they are making themselves count. Then, why is it that India is sitting out on the action? In the midst of this contemporary debate is a lesser heard, yet incisive, opinion but, arent we there already? However, we shall put this argument to the test at a later stage. For now, it suffices to say that the deliberations have brought to the fore a wide array of intriguing challenges. Analysts, arguing fastidiously from both sides, have taken great pains in contributing towards what exists today as a heap of literature on this issue, albeit predominantly of the paper-less kind. To add flavor to the discussion, rumors abound that the Indian decision makers have, in fact, been seriously contemplating floating such an enterprise. Nonetheless, the question remains even if a SWF based on Indian soil is on the horizon; is India sufficiently equipped to handle this 20th century global phenomenon which seem to have a knack of remaining embroiled in political controversy? An answer to this query would necessarily entail two parallel issues. Firstly, all factors considered, is India capable of venturing into the league of those nations which operate SWFs? Secondly, do Indian laws and regulations have the potential to adequately regulate the outgoing investments from India and the incoming investments from other SWFs? The bulk of this essay shall analyze the first of these issues, for it has attracted a much wider and divergent assortment of viewpoints. In its span, the essay shall examine some of the most fundamental questions which have proved to be the most contentious. After looking at The When?, i.e. at what point of time should a sovereign turn towards SWFs as tools of economic and strategic development, it shall present a study closer home, Is India There Yet?. Going beyond, we shall consider The Why? which shall consist of the quintessential arguments put forth by those who voice support for the assertion that India should consider setting up a SWF, and the Why Not? which shall argue against such a conclusion. Using the findings to the above queries as a foundation, the remainder of the essay shall present a model for a possible course of action for India in the coming years. The When Sovereign Wealth Funds the Common Wisdom While there are a multitude of reasons why countries around the world establish SWFs[3], the unsaid rule which dictates their creation is the existence of excessive surpluses[4]in the coffers of the initiating nation. Also, it is interesting to note that a SWF is defined more so by the source of its funds than by the targets that such a fund seeks to acquire. SWFs[5]usually consist of balance of payment surpluses, other fiscal surpluses, official foreign currency operations, proceedings of domestic privatization, receipts from commodity exports, etc. It is not by mere coincidence that the countries which have made vigorous forays into SWFs can be categorized as either oil-rich nations or profiteers of commodity exchanges. As the story goes, nations which had gained excessively during the oil-boom years and from trade activities sought to diversify their investment portfolios. Since their economies were heavily dependent upon either oil production or commodity exchange, those investments which offered their economies protection against adverse events (such as international trade price fluctuations) were the obvious choice for them to utilize their excessive reserves. Soon enough, with the success of this investment model and the discovery of other strategic benefits which were accrued on to the SWF nations, the trend caught along. This shapes our understanding of what constitute the preferred prerequisites for when any country looks to give impetus to its SWF program. In particular, a correlation can be drawn between heavy investment into SWFs in those years in which there were exceptionally high earnings from oil and gas production and/or there was sizeable liquidity created on account of exports.[6]Foremost examples of SWFs constituted out of surpluses from oil and gas exports include countries like Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi, Norway, Kuwait and Russia.[7] It must be noted that this does not preclude non-oil and non-commodity rich nations from indulging in SWFs. Several countries, such as China and Singapore, have invested in SWFs after recording year on year accumulation to their reserves through non-oil and non-commodity fiscal surpluses. Experiences in these nations suggest that governments show an inclination towards creating SWFs at times where budgetary surpluses are excessive or when there is negligible international debt or the same has at least been reasonably curtailed. Therefore, it is safe to assume that more than anything else it is the accumulation of a buffer-stock of reserves from fiscal surpluses[8]which determines the right time for any country to set up a SWF. Is India There Yet? The aforementioned criterion represents an informal, yet precise, account of most of the SWFs which control nearly US $4 trillion[9]in the global economy today. To ascertain whether such a model can be replicated in India, we would need to examine several domestic as well as international fiscal and non-fiscal factors which would come in to play along with a cost-benefit analysis of executing such a program. For the sake of our convenience, we may divide these factors into two categories those which would influence us to conclude that India is not prepared for SWFs since the possible repercussions of implementing such a program would prove to be detrimental to our interests, and those which place the gains from such implementation at a considerably higher pedestal than the collateral expenses which would be incurred. Part I: The Why Not India Isnt Ready for a Sovereign Wealth Fund (i) Our Reserves: What Do They Really Represent? India currently faces the highest fiscal deficit it has recorded in the past decade and a half a staggering 6.8%.[10]While it is reassuring to think of our reserves in terms of their current value, which stands at over US $270 billion,[11]this figure betrays the truth of what it actually represents. Unlike most other countries, Indias reserves do not represent its actual net savings. Instead, these reserves merely reflect the surplus of capital inflows over its current account deficits.[12]They are in the form of extra-commercial borrowings, or portfolio investment inflows. In actuality, these reserves are either debts which need to be paid back, or funds which may flow out of India at a moments notice.[13] Even if the current reserves could be put aside for SWF investment, there is little confidence that the current growth rate of our surpluses can be maintained. This implies that, over time, not only would our reserves be unfit for diversion for a SWF, but it would become costlier to maintain the same level of the reserves. Therefore, we face a situation dissimilar to the traditional SWF investing countries we do not have surpluses in our reserves which we can invest! A move to divert these funds from these reserves to form a SWF would be fraught with danger since it could prove to be disastrous in the event of a need to liquefy the reserves. (ii) Risky Investments vs. Safe Bets: Assessing Indias Risk Appetite Currently, the RBI is entrusted with the responsibility of handling Indias reserves. These reserves are invested in the US treasury bills, which result in relatively low yields but are acknowledged as safe investments. This also reflects on Indias risk appetite. SWFs are generally considered to have an affinity for risky and potentially high yielding investments. This aspect becomes even more highlighted in the light of the current post-crisis effect looming over the uncertain and volatile markets. Furthermore, in the absence of cautious planning, withdrawing vast sums of Indian investments from the US treasury may pave the way for further volatility in the global economy. This would also translate into the reduction of Indias export competitiveness since the current reserves ensure that an appropriate level of currency prices is sustained. (iii) The Institutional Bend: A System of Inherent Risk Aversion The management of our current reserves is the function of a complex system of checks and balances. This system, in several ways, exerts an inherent pressure which is biased against making risky investments. Given this fact, would it be possible for an Indian origin SWF to break lose of these shackles to make unclouded judgments as to where the SWF would make its investments? Or would such investments prove to be far too adventurous for our taste? For instance, who is to say that even after a SWF is established, the investments would not be channeled to the same low-yield, high-safety assets through the nugatory effect of these internal pressures? (iv) The Times They Are A Changing: The Post Recession Blues It has been opined that since the market situations have considerably improved over the recent months, India should look to take advantage of a short window of opportunity to set up a SWF and acquire assets at inexpensive rates. However, it must be borne in mind that Indian companies have fared exceedingly well over the past couple of quarters, bettering expectations, because of a combination of various stimulus packages made available to them. On the other hand, the current fiscal deficit, a trade deficit of over US $70 billion, an external debt of nearly US $200 billion, surging oil prices and the spiking inflation levels are indicative of the real situation which, on the whole, is far from favorable. Therefore, despite a promising market performance, SWFs may prove to be far less yielding than expected, or may have longer gestation period for maturity. The question then is can India afford to gamble its reserves on such an unsure bet? Or, would Indian have the luxury to patiently wait for these investments to mature? Furthermore, in the recent past, other SWFs have recorded negative growth (Norway, 1st quarter of 2009, -4.8%) and have incurred mammoth losses. A comprehensive risk assessment is, therefore, not only advisable but, in fact, necessary prior to the formulation of any concrete SWF policy. (v) The Realities of Sovereign Boundaries Cross-Border Politics SWFs offer certain non-economic benefits on the side platter. These include the strategic edge that they provide to a sovereign through its overseas economic influence. However, such influence is often aggressively resisted by local governments and politicians sometimes in a state of frenzy, despite bonafide motives of the investors. In the aftermath of 9/11, an offer to acquire an American port-operating company by a fund stationed in Dubai was subjected to strict political resistance, as was an offer by China to takeover an American oil company. These cases exposed the vulnerability of overseas transactions to the will of the local politicians. It also raises the question of certainty how safe and certain are SWF investments from turbulence in the local political establishment?[14]SWF investments are usually characterized by voluminous transactions. The case of Hugo Chavez canceling Exxon Mobils contracts demonstrated the potential hazards that such transactions could face in situations of friction with the local government. (vi) Management the Lessons Learnt Thus Far: Pleading for Accountability Several issues related to the management of the SWF crop up, which primarily include, but are not restricted to, the potential interference with the decision making of the SWF. These impediments may be direct or indirect in nature. SWFs have faced the heaviest criticism for being perceived as intimidating and unaccountable enterprises, which are likely to skirt regulatory and transparency frameworks. Unless the highest standards of transparency and accountability are maintained, the discretionary powers conferred upon the SWF may result in an abusive situation wherein vested interests may reign supreme. On the other hand, if mechanisms which are put in place to restrict such arbitrary decision-making are allowed to gain a choke-hold on these powers, a lack of independence given to the management would also lead to a detrimental situation drastically reducing the potential benefits from the SWF. Since India has battled problems with opaqueness and distrust in the sphere of governance, we are more than just acquainted with these troubles. This explains the relatively low enthusiasm on the level of accountability that can be expected from an Indian SWF. Unless a fine balance can be maintained to ensure adequate implementation of the established principles of good governance, such as the Santiago Principles,[15]the principles enumerated in the Linaburg-Maduell Index,[16]and by borrowing a leaf from the books of seasoned SWFs such as the Norwegian model in addition to drawing from Indias past experiences with such problems, the very purpose behind the SWF would stand to be defeated. Lastly, who would be entrusted with the responsibility to manage the affairs of the SWF? Even though the RBI, which is the top monetary regulator in the country, may be lauded for its past efforts and achievements, the fact remains that the body could make do with an internal boost for better efficiency and infrastructure. In dealing with the complexities of Indias regulatory demands, does the RBI not already have enough on its plate? Wouldnt the RBI efforts be best directed towards ensuring the smooth functioning of its existing mandates than the imposition of additional duties of regulating a SWF? (vii) Domestic Needs vs. Overseas Projects: Quenching Whose Thirst First? Another very important aspect regarding the setting up of SWFs is that these funds are normally set up in countries which do not have challenging domestic needs. In other words, a poverty struck country like India setting up a SWF is, at best, unusual.[17] India, at the moment, faces various domestic challenges and would need to divert its attention inwards and give a higher priority to the problems of poverty, infrastructure development, fiscal deficits and other developmental projects for which heavy doses of investment are desired. In the backdrop of these requirements, should Indias reserves be utilized for the purpose of yielding higher returns or quenching its thirst for development? The same argument may be looked at from the point of equity. Bettering returns on investments is likely to affect only a handful of Indian citizens, depending upon the manner in which these returns are distributed between the citizens. On the other hand, by focusing on the pressing domestic needs, India would further its mandate as a welfare state and benefit its citizens, across the board, in an equitable fashion. (viii) The Grey Areas: SWFs Regulations SWFs are a recent phenomenon. Although SWFs can be traced back to the early 1950s, they did not acquire their current shape, structure and dominance in the international financial markets until much later. In fact, the term sovereign wealth fund gained usage as late as half a decade into the 21st century. While much of the debate circulating around SWFs has dealt with their financial, political and strategic prowess, little is known about their interaction with law and policy. Law and policy, true to the dynamism which binds them to the society, have recently taken cognizance of these developments and regulatory frameworks are being erected to tackle some inherent problems with these funds. For instance, the very nature of the investor in these transactions may open up a few issues to debate. Since a SWF does not possess a legal personality distinct from the State, the question of State Immunity crops up. In such cases, what begs attention is the commercial nature of the transactions.[18]Under the UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property, which codifies the customary international law relating to State immunities, the defence of State immunity may not be available to a State if the activities undertaken are of a commercial nature or relate to the participation of the State in a company. This is also reflected in other international conventions, such as Article 6 of the EU Convention on State Immunity. While the principles of sovereign immunity may be better situated to tackle with jurisdictional problems related with SWFs, the possibility of the investor altering the ordinary course of business in the host economy poses regulatory threats. Moreover, the persuasive effect of the SWFs is almost always much larger than what meets the eye because while a country may have invested only a fraction of its reserves in its SWF, it may enjoy far more diplomatic and financial clout than the mere quantity of reserves controlled by its SWF. Also, the principles of governance which have been evolved such as the Santiago Principles, only make such norms voluntary, and not binding, upon a given SWF. In the absence of clearly defined regulations which take them into account,[19]SWFs may be able to slip through the cracks in the existing legal framework. Therefore, this is a crucial point interface between SWFs and the law which needs careful examination for outgoing, as well as incoming investment. As for an Indian origin SWF is concerned, due care must be taken in ensuring that the investments are free from potential hurdles which may threaten to restrict their scope or tie them up in unnecessary conflict or expose our investments to more risk than anticipated. At the receiving end, SEBI and RBI have put in effect adequate measures for foreign SWFs (which are treated as Foreign Institutional Investors) and must continue to remain vigilant about the motives behind the investments. However, the tendency to over-regulate such investments must be resisted to ensure that the enthusiasm of the foreign SWFs is not driven away. A Tentative Conclusion: Too Soon To Draw? In view of the eight broad arguments elucidated above, the natural conclusion which can be reached at this point is obvious certainly, India is not prepared to taken on the challenges posed by SWFs. Not yet, anyways. However, that is only one side of this curious debate. The forthcoming section of the essay shall take up the counter-arguments, which make an attempt at persuading the reader otherwise. Part II: The Why India Is Ready for a Sovereign Wealth Fund (i) The Times They Are a Changing: The Post-Recession Groove In response to a conservative approach to SWFs which put forward the view that the current market scenario, clubbed with Indias budgetary constraints which limit the losses that it can afford to take on its investments, it must be noted that with cautious planning and execution, the situation could work to Indias advantage. This is so because despite the constraints which may limit an allocation for the SWF, India finds itself ready to take on this porthole of an opportunity to obtain assets, which may otherwise be expensive, despite a shoestring budget.[20]However, this would not justify unnecessarily high investments, say more than a mere fraction of its US $270 billion reserves, in extremely risk-prone assets without scrutiny. So long as these requirements can be fulfilled, India would be in a position to sit out and patiently wait for the investments to bear returns. (ii) Indias Current Financial Restraints: What Do They Really Restrain Us From? Admittedly, our reserves may not exhibit true savings. However, this does not prevent us from managing these reserves to the best of their potential.[21]Analysts even argue that given the size of the Indian economy, its balance of payment and trade deficits are stable.[22]Moreover, India figured in the list of countries with the most accumulated reserves. There is absolutely no dispute over the fact that our reserves have crossed over to the excessive grade. With a fractional fund earmarked for a SWF, India can start a relatively smaller SWF, say to the tune of US $5-US $10 billion, with minimal to no threat to its economy. With the subsequent returns from SWF investments over the next few years, India can move towards reducing its fiscal deficit. However, what shall be most interesting would be that since this would also be the teething period for an Indian SWF, this phase could be effectively used as a benchmark of knowledge gathering and practicing for the purposes of our future endeavors in SWF investments which could then focus on bigger investments. (iii) Strategic Investments A Gain in Exchange Globally, SWFs have come to be regarded as incredibility useful tools of non-economic value creation, which can then be used to create opportunities for economic and other benefits. Investments through SWFs are often used subserviently to fulfill the objectives of a wider economic and/or political strategy of a country. For instance, an investment made using a SWF can further economic relations between the host and the investor country, and can be translated into mutually beneficial terms of development. This was seen in the case of Temaseks recent investment in the Indian banking sector. Temasek Holdings, one of Singapores two SWFs and estimated at US $122 billion, invested in the Indian bank, ICICI. This investment strengthened the trust and the financial relationship between the two countries. There has been global skepticism over the motives behind acquisitions by several SWFs. These apprehensions are further fueled by the lack of transparency in the operations of many SWFs. Countries like France and Germany have gone on record in their protest against such operations. However ruthless such actions may appear, the reaction of the global community furnishes evidence of what weve already known SWFs successfully transfer strategic advantages across borders. In the day and age of globalization, when the focus has shifted on to India as a burgeoning world-power, can India afford to sit out and overlook such strategic affairs? As a by-product of setting up an Indian SWF, there would be other associated strategic gains as well. Since the creation of the SWF would necessarily entail the foundation of an independent body, on the lines of SEBI, to deal exclusively with SWFs, this body would undertake monitoring, management and regulatory functions as well. This would prove to be a strategic gain, since this body would be better equipped to monitor the incoming investments from foreign SWFs. (iv) Mitigating Risks: Securing Future Needs the All Eggs in One Basket Syndrome The raison dtre of SWFs is their tendency to palliate investment risks along with creating higher yields from foreign exchange reserves. The yields on Indian investments in the US treasury bills are dismally low and with the dwindling dollar rate, the future of our investments looks bleak. Moreover, these current investments are riddled with inherent costs. The univocal investment advice for India would be to diversify its investments. If India was to utilize a fraction of its investments, through SWFs, in, say, the energy sector, it would be a step in the right direction.[23]The reasons are two-fold. Firstly, this would protect Indias long term needs. Secondly, it would mitigate the risks attached with our single-target investment strategy. With the opening up of the Indian economy, India is vulnerable to the fluctuations in the global markets. In the near future, instabilities such as a surge in the oil prices can seriously damage our economy. Therefore, investments which can down-play this threat must be viewed with optimism. On the other hand, with the dollar losing its world-dominance and the emergence of other global currencies, investments in the US treasury bills are not without risk either. It would make much sense in diversifying this investment to safeguard our economy, lest we expose ourselves to the risk of depleting reserves in the event of a falling dollar. (v) Domestic vs. Abroad As regard the issue of prioritizing investment into the investment thirsty domestic economy over economies abroad, the answer would lie in balancing the two investments by weighing their respective investment potential. This essentially means investments overseas must be considered if they are financially more appealing. A blanket-ban policy to needlessly restrict all our investments within India is a two-edged sword, as explained below. It is estimated that India requires nearly US $500 billion to bolster its domestic infrastructure and development projects. This requirement far exceeds what India is capable of self-financing. Therefore, it is without doubt that India needs to look at alternate sources of funding for these projects. This should dispel any misgivings about whether our reserves can be funneled to aid domestic growth. However, our reserves can be usefully deployed to create an atmosphere more conducive to domestic growth. Considering the sheer strength of our reserves, it is inconceivable why a fractional sum cannot be put aside for use in SWFs independent of our pursuit of developmental aspirations. Since none of these arguments raise any doubts as to demonstrate that investing in a SWF would compel India to take anything away from domestic development, an investment equivalent to a marginal proportion of the reserves into SWFs may be acceptable. In fact, the returns from these investments can be cycled back into aiding domestic development. (vi) Good Governance: The Way Out of Other Expected Problems? Several of the associated concerns with SWF can be dealt with through an institutionalized system which imbibes an appropriate balance between autonomy and accountability. If all investments are made in adherence to the strictest norms of pre-investment assessment and are conducted in a manner which is laced with transparency and inspires confidence, almost all of the other claims of those who express reservations about Indias readiness to take a plunge into a SWF can be satisfactorily redressed. Tentative Conclusion: So, Is India Ready for SWFs? A Sneak Peek: What May Come Next Considering these six broad justifications, can we say with conviction that India is prepared to assume the liabilities and challenges which SWFs bring with them in tow? Perhaps, yes. But, this concurrence comes with a rider that, a lot shall depend on the actual means of implementation of the SWFs in India. As far as inward directed SWF investments are concerned, were already there and must continue to exhibit the same level of precaution that we have thus far. Since the investments made by SWFs are set to multiply over the years, it may be useful for us to reinforce our regulatory mechanism by setting up an altogether separate wing to look into SWF investments. Coming to outward directed SWF investments, most certainly, there are numerous permutations and combinations involved in India launching its SWF; a variety of models which we can put to practice. The subsequent segment of the essay shall suggest a suitable model of implementation for India giving due regard to our level of preparedness and our existing frameworks. Conclusion: so, what is the best policy forward? Indias SWF: Approach Underlying Principles Indias maiden foray in to a SWF should adopt an eclectic approach and seek to incorporate the most fitting tried and tested operational models from around the world. Amongst them, the models developed by Norway and Singapore are likely to hold promise for India. Consistently ranked high on efficiency and transparency indices,[24]these models are most appropriate in the Indian setting where opaqueness and accountability are likely to wither away the confidence from the SWF and increase the probability of abuse. Even from a functional aspect, transparency with respect to the governance structures, the actual owners, vital investment decision-makers, audit provisions, etc. are invaluable in building the domestic trust and an internationally projected face of any SWF. This, to a large extent, determines the success of the fund. We find an acknowledgment of this fact in the recently established set of 24 principles which set the benchmark for all practice in the field the Santiago Principles. The principles cover a wide range of areas which vary from a supporting legal framework to correlation of SWF objectives with the countrys macroeconomic goals; and from the tweaking of an institutional framework to setting up effectual governance structures. It also brings under its fold the investment and risk management framework for the funds.[25] Besides these principles, countries like Norway have framed specific ethical guidelines which translate into binding considerations while making investment decisions. As per these guidelines, prior to commitment of funds, recipients undergo a strict scrutiny by a council[26]established for this purpose. If the council is convinced that going ahead with an investment in a potential recipient would be contrary to its ethical guidelines, it has the power to veto such a transaction.[27] Taking a cue from such vibrant developments in the field of SWFs world-over, India would enjoy the luxury of observing the successes and failures of other SWF set ups over the last five decades, of which it should pay close attention to detail over the last decade or so, while determining specific policy objectives and operational requirements. The Funds This brings us to the next issue that of the specifics of the Indian SWF. A small fund, representing funds in the vicinity of, but not more than, 5% of Indias reserves, should be sufficient for India to embark on its short-term SWF related objectives. With future accumulation of reserves, and depending upon the fiscal conditions over the coming years, India can divert more funds into this venture. The Decision Makers Other Specifics But, who shall captain this ship? It is of utmost importance to fortify Indias SWF from misdirected and unwarranted political interference. For this purpose, an autonomous body, akin to the RBI or SEBI, should be established pursuant to a Parliamentary enactment. The gravity of this need is further accentuated on a close examination of the mandate of the RBI under the RBI Act, 1934 which does not confer any powers upon the monetary regulator to invest outside of foreign government treasuries.[28] Once enacted, the law must lay down the procedure of appointment of decision-makers, safeguards against political interference, certain minimum standards of transparency, other confidence inspiring and accountability ensuring governance structures,[29]procedures for systematic disclosures, etc. Preferably, this body should also regulate the incoming SWF investments in tandem with other regulatory bodies, along with an ethical and financial assessment of outgoing investments. It must possess the characteristics of a body which is State owned, but is not State directed. We may refer to Singapores model in Temasek: an incorporated body as a private company with a sole shareholder the Ministry of Finance. A majority of the board of directors should be independent directors from the private sector, such as professional and experienced fund managers, who would necessarily need to approve the investment strategies. Investments This is, arguably, the trickiest of all questions. Where will the funds be invested? Will they look to capture markets abroad, or invest in the domestic sector as well? A major criticism leveled against the SWFs has been its inclination towards prioritizing overseas investments over similar domestic projects. Indias SWF should look at both domestic and foreign assets. The decisions should be weighed primarily on the investment potential of the assets, and wherever an equal opportunity exists, preference must be given to domestic investment. However, we would need to exercise caution as to not dictate such terms to the SWF whether through statutorily incorporated instructions or through political pressures. Instead, the decision should be left at the discretion of the fund managers, with a recommendation in the fund guidelines to this effect. In order to forge friendly and progressive economic relationships with nations and to avoid international frictions at a time when SWF activities are viewed by host countries with extreme paranoia, India must ensure that its investments in foreign assets do not exceed a prescribed maximum limit, of say 1 2%, of ownership. Clarity in its investment objectives would go a long way in ensuring that our fund does not succumb to the lab rat syndrome of frequent experimentation. Like other countries, such as the USA, a detailed, yet broad, account of the purpose and strategies must be laid out.[30] Singapores model has another lesson for India to learn from that of suggested quota allocations. That is, the objectives could make a recommendation as to what proportion of the fund should be invested domestically, regionally and globally. However, even though these stipulations would not be binding on the fund, the SWF managers must strive to meet such criteria, wherever it is so possible. India should have its investment objectives clear before treading into experimenting with SWFs. It needs to reflect on issues like purpose of the fund, its time horizon, rules governing allocation of withdrawal and investment strategies and implementation policies. Incoming Investments As mentioned earlier, the authority which is established to tend to the operations of the SWF hosted in India could also regulate the incoming investments of foreign SWFs. At the same time, India must look to keep abreast of the motives behind investments by foreign SWFs and consider the possibility of entering into agreements with investor nations, like the US,[31]regarding their SWF policies. Evidence That We Are There Already Coming to a point raised at the onset of this essay in one way, India has already set out on its journey to set up a SWF. In his budget speech in February, 2007, the Finance Minister had announced a scheme for the setting up of a special purpose vehicle (SPV) to meet the domestic needs of the infrastructure sector. Hence, India Infrastructure Finance Corporation Ltd. was created. In the technical sense of the word, such an SPV qualifies as a SWF since it uses Indias foreign exchange reserves to the tune of US $5 billion for its funding. This, more than any argument can, should drive home the point that India is prepared to invest in such project. The proposal, a prototype, was met with high industry enthusiasm and was seen as a progressive step. Conclusion In the meantime, as the world awaits the culmination of this debate and the commencement of a sluggish parliamentary process, India watches with great interest, with a glint in its eyes, as the saga of the SWF dominance unfolds in the arena of international finance and diplomatic relations. Slowly, but steadily, it is gaining confidence that somewhere out there, there is a very relevant role for it to play as well. Until then, we prepare ourselves. Yes, we are ready. Now, all we need are the structures.

Essay about Social Disorginization theory - 1296 Words

Shaw and McKay (1942) focused their research on the rapidly expanding city of Chicago Illinois in the early 1900’s. Cullen and Agnew (2011) stated that the population of Chicago expanded from 1 million people in 1890 to double that size within 20 years. According to Cullen and Agnew (2011) it was in this era of rapid expansion that researches begin to think differently about crime. Cullen and Agnew (2011) stated that the researchers began to think that the understanding of crime may not be found in the studying of an individual criminal traits but the study of the traits of the environment in which a criminal lives and interacts. According to Cullen and Agnew (2011) this led to a question in which researchers thought a possible solution of†¦show more content†¦Park, Ezra, Burgess, and McKenzie (1967) labeled this area the â€Å"zone of transition†. In was in this â€Å"area of transition† that Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization took was formed. The main arguments of the social disorganization theory of crime according to Shaw and McKay (1942) are that crime can be attributed to the absence of community unifying institutions. Social disorganization theory links the cause of crime to these specific neighborhood characteristics. Sampson and Groves (1989) stated that residential mobility, low economic status, ethnic heterogeneity, and family disruption are characteristics that lead to the social disorganization of a community thus, leading to an increase in crime and inherently causing a criminal subculture. Shaw and McKay (1942) focused their research in the â€Å"areas of transition† that had primarily all of the characteristics that led to social disorganization. According to Feldymeyer (lecture, 2/26/2014) the absence of institutions such as: extended family, good school, churches and local neighborhood organizations that cooperative with each other and work together for the betterment of the community as a whole, led to social disorganization. According to Sampson and Groves (1989) because of these neighborhood characteristics and the lack of social institutions of

Emily Dickson Life - 1088 Words

Emily Dickinson Life’s Emily Dickinson was an American writer that changed the way people view poetry, females’ authors, and symbolism. Her work are celebrated the world over for their simplicity, beauty, and imagery. Also her life is very well-known and a topic of interest for millions of people around the world. Emily Dickinson was a very influential poet and will be remembered in history forever. Dickinsons poetic accomplishment was known from the moment her first volume appeared in 1890, but never has she loved more approval than she does today. As soon as Thomas H. ended her complete body of 1,775 poems available in his 1955 variorum edition, The Poems of Emily Dickinson, concern from all quarters soared. Readers instantly discovered a poet of colossal depth and stylistic convolution whose work eludes categorization. For example, though she frequently employs the common epic poem meter associated with hymnody, her poetry is in no way inhibited by that form; rather she performs like a jazz artist who uses rhythm and meter to modernize readers perceptions of those structures. Her fierce insubordination of literary and social authority has long appealed to feminist critics, who constantly place Dickinson in the company of such major writers as , Elizabeth Browning, Sylvia Plath, and Adrienne Rich. Dickinson was born 10 December 1830, in Amherst, Massachusetts, where she lived up to her death from Brights disease on 15 May 1886. There she consumed most of herShow MoreRelatedPoem Analysis : I m Nobody ! Who Are You894 Words   |  4 PagesNobody! Who are you?† a poem by Emily Dickinson explains that in life it is best to be a humble person than a proud person who need spend their life maintaining their status in front of others. The central focus of this poem is just being humble and being yourselves. 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The Forms That Power Takes Differ Through History And According To Pla

Question: Discuss about the forms that power takes differ through history and according to place. Answer: From the past few decades, there is an adequate change that has been observed in the societal aspects. It was also notified that due to the changes within the social prospect the perception of various people has been modified towards others. It could also report that with the time the changes are mainly observed in the political as well as social domain, which has been able to bring massive revolution within the customs. In a simple word, the revolution is mainly described as a fundamental change that made the positive impact on the social, political as well as organisational structure. In this regard, the condition of women during the period of war and post-war will take into the consideration. In this respect, the gradual empowerment of the concept of feminism is also taken into account (Seifert, 1996). The prime intention of the study is to elaborate the transformation of the social fabric. However, the study also evaluates the condition of women and their sufferings during the period of war. The study will also highlight the relationship between gender discrimination as well as violence against women. Social Scenario during War During the situation of war, the societal condition of the various countries was undergoing through various turmoil. Due to such disturbing conditions of war, people belonging to that particular era were facing huge problems in living with their healthy lifestyle. Basically, during the war situation the political power has been playing an important role in influencing and controlling the behaviour of the people living within the similar society. In this regard, during the period of World Wars as well as Civil War, the conditions of women were considered as one of the prime concern. During the era, the Violence against Women (VAW) was deemed to be a major concern that mainly harmed their fundamental rights (Lock Scheper-Hughes, 1987). During the period, people suffered from several social disputes that could make a negative impact on their living condition. The law, wealth distribution as well as political stability were quite unable to manage the volatile social status. To control the unstable situation, the proper implementation of social power was necessary, as it is quite efficient in managing the entire process efficiently (Morrison, 1995). Also, application of social power is needed for enhancing the overall condition of the people suffering from the social disharmony. During this period of distress, the social harmony was destroyed by the various people through their physical forces, who were involved in speeding terror activities within the society. To take control over the physical power, the implementation of social power was considered to be more important regarding bringing social harmony within the community as well as among the people (Esping-Andersen, 1990). Security Regarding Women At the time of war and political instability people within that particular society has been suffering from a considerable number of issues. The biggest problem is associated with the community of individuals. During political instability, the fundamental rights, as well as the security of people has been affected in a negative manner (Rhoads, 2012). It will be eminent to state that women were considered to be the prime sufferer during the period of war as well as riots. During that particular war process, women were considered to be vulnerable to the inequality as well as disproportionate condition. This could be resulted in the breakdown of social network and social harmony. As there has been lack of proper care regarding managing social harmony, so it makes women and girls more vulnerable to the sexual violence (Davis, 1997). For instance, during the year 1971, Bangladesh had dealt with a vulnerable war condition, that has further ensured a significant discomfort as well as political instability. Therefore, this particular phase include, the criminal activities within that particular society seem to have increased. The issues related to public secrecy is considered to be a primary concern. More apparently, it could state that during the phase of Bangladesh war in 1971, the central question had raised over the issues of women security (Rhoads, 2012). The incidences of rape during that particular time frame has been considered as one of the primary concern in the national as well as general schedule. Apart from this, women who were the victim of rape during the phase of Bangladesh war were referred as war heroines. Moreover, apart from the security of women and other people, another major question is arises over the secrecy of the public data. Based on the data acquired, the country has declared those women who were raped during the Bangladesh war 1971 as Birangona that has its association with the secrecy of public information (Crossley, 1996). The study is not only revealing during and post-war condition of Bangladesh, but it also focuses on the state of the entire world and its developing countries. For instance, similar condition has been shown in Indonesia. It could also note that during the year of 1965 as well as 1966 the Bali province of Indonesia was witnessing the similar kind of security issues (Esping-Andersen, 1990). The major safety concerns associates with the aspect that social power and its proper implementation within that particular region. Women belonging to the provinces of Bali have been witnessing the enormous size of the problem related to their security. By studying the problem associated with violence and sexual harassment faced by women during 1965-1966 has created an overview regarding the importance of feminism within the society (Crossley, 1996). Revolution in the Society over the Public Security Issues There are enormous problems associated with the security of women around the world. The countries categorised under the first world nations were able to take proper control over the social condition as well as human safety. However, unlike the first world nations, the underdeveloped countries were unable to take appropriate and adequate steps regarding the social and public safety (Davis, 1997). With the destructive policies, those countries were gradually able to take proper control over the unstable condition of society and public security. The studies based on human security and the concept of feminism has further created a revolution during the era. Through implementation of the revolutionary law, rules and regulations will enable the legal authority to bring the sufficient importance of feminism within the society (Abrams, 1988; Lock Scheper-Hughes, 1987). Another major problem is associated with the perception as well as the mentality of a human being towards the social constitution. By reviewing the overview regarding trauma related with post-war condition is also noted to be critical in nature. It will help them to make the shift in the social process (Butler, 1993). The experiences associated with the aftermath war traumatic condition influences a radical change in the speaking process, living style as well as cultural aspects. It has also notified that due to the war and political instability, the society has been witnessing terror experiences, which forces people to depth in a traumatic condition. The traumatic situation will make a negative impact on the mental condition of various people (Barnett Adger, 2007). After the revolutionary implications of the formation of new policies, there is a notable change has been observed in the constitution of revolution. There has also been a significant change in terms of an existing structure. With the adequate revolution, the Indonesian government has played a useful role in enhancing the state constitution over the society. Apart from this, the Indonesian government has also influenced the people to keep harmony by involving themselves within the political matter (Skeggs, 2004; Seifert, 1996). Adequate stability has been able to bring the various local populations of Indonesia as well as various other countries by bringing the real progress in gender mainstream. To maintain harmony, the political, as well as legal authority, has tried to use new strategies, which has enabled them to highlights the positive factors relating to their memory. Providing unique benefits to those people will enhance those people to overcome the psychic trauma that they ha d witnessed during that particular time (Rhoads, 2012; Boose, 2002). Conclusion By reviewing the entire study, it could also notify that feminism is one of the major concerns within the society. What it could also notify by the overall study is that the development of new policies has been able to bring harmony to the community. The development of new systems has also influenced the political stability as well as converts the entire political and social situation into a stable position. Earlier women belonging to that particular era were suffered from violence. Due to the terror activities, the women were sexuality assaulted. However, with proper support of the revolution, the new policies have been experienced by the society. Therefore, it can be concluded that with the proper application of revolution within the modern society the political as well as social scenario of the country has been changed gradually. These changes have been able to bring adequate prominences of feminism within the society. References Abrams, P. 1988. Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the State. Journal of Historical Sociology, Vol. 1, No.1, pp. 58-89. Barnett, J. Adger, W. N., 2007. Climate Change, Human Security and Violent Conflict. Political Geography, Vol. 26, pp. 639-655. Boose, L. 2002. Crossing the River Drina: Bosnian Rape Camps, Turkish Impalement and Serb Cultural Memory. Signs, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 71-96. Butler, J. 1993. Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex. Routledge. Crossley, N. 1996. Body-Subject/Body-Power: Agency, Inscription and Control in Foucault and Merleau-Ponty. Body Society, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 99-116. Davis, K. 1997. Embodied Practices: Feminist Perspectives on the Body. Sage. Esping-Andersen, G. 1990. The Three Political Economies of the Welfare State. International Journal of Sociology, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 92-123. Lock, M. Scheper-Hughes, N. 1987. The Mindful Body: A Prolegomenon To Future Work In Medical Anthropology. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 6-41. Mookherjee, N., 2006. Remembering To Forget: Public Secrecy and Memory of Sexual Violence in the Bangladesh War of 1971. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, vol. 12, pp. 433-450. Morrison, K. 1995. Marx, Durkheim, Weber. Sage. Rhoads, E., 2012. Womens Political Participation in Indonesia: Decentralisation, Money Politics and Collective Memory in Bali. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, Vol. 2, pp. 35-56. Seifert R. 1996. The Second Front: The Logic of Sexual Violence in Wars Women's. Studies International Forum, Vol.19, pp. 35-43.